Countries by Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (% of population)

61 countries, spanning Europe, North America, the Gulf, and parts of Latin America and Oceania, achieve 100% access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking as of 2023. At the other end, South Sudan ranks 189th with 0%, and Burundi ranks 188th with just 0.1%. The 100-percentage-point gap between the top and bottom of the ranking illustrates the extreme disparity in cooking energy access worldwide.

Energy category

Ranking 2023

Values shown in %.

Countries by Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking (% of population)
Rank	Country	%
1	Andorra	100.00
1	Antigua and Barbuda	100.00
1	Australia	100.00
1	Austria	100.00
1	Bahamas	100.00
1	Bahrain	100.00
1	Barbados	100.00
1	Belgium	100.00
1	Brunei	100.00
1	Canada	100.00
1	Chile	100.00
1	Croatia	100.00
1	Cyprus	100.00
1	Czechia	100.00
1	Denmark	100.00
1	Estonia	100.00
1	Finland	100.00
1	France	100.00
1	Germany	100.00
1	Greece	100.00
1	Guyana	100.00
1	Hungary	100.00
1	Iceland	100.00
1	Ireland	100.00
1	Israel	100.00
1	Italy	100.00
1	Japan	100.00
1	South Korea	100.00
1	Kuwait	100.00
1	Latvia	100.00
1	Lithuania	100.00
1	Luxembourg	100.00
1	Malta	100.00
1	Monaco	100.00
1	Nauru	100.00
1	Netherlands	100.00
1	New Zealand	100.00
1	Norway	100.00
1	Oman	100.00
1	Palau	100.00
1	Panama	100.00
1	Poland	100.00
1	Portugal	100.00
1	Qatar	100.00
1	Romania	100.00
1	Russia	100.00
1	San Marino	100.00
1	Saudi Arabia	100.00
1	Seychelles	100.00
1	Singapore	100.00
1	Slovakia	100.00
1	Slovenia	100.00
1	Spain	100.00
1	Saint Kitts and Nevis	100.00
1	Sweden	100.00
1	Switzerland	100.00
1	Trinidad and Tobago	100.00
1	United Arab Emirates	100.00
1	United Kingdom	100.00
1	United States	100.00
1	Uruguay	100.00
62	Argentina	99.90
62	Egypt	99.90
62	Tunisia	99.90
65	Maldives	99.80
65	Turkmenistan	99.80
67	Algeria	99.70
67	Belarus	99.70
69	Iraq	99.50
70	Jordan	99.40
71	Mauritius	99.10
72	Azerbaijan	98.90
73	Armenia	98.80
74	Vietnam	98.70
75	Moldova	98.30
76	Morocco	98.10
77	Costa Rica	96.60
78	Brazil	96.50
79	Iran	95.70
79	Suriname	95.70
81	Türkiye	95.30
82	Cuba	94.90
82	Ukraine	94.90
84	Ecuador	94.70
85	El Salvador	94.40
86	Kazakhstan	94.20
87	Dominican Republic	93.50
87	Venezuela	93.50
89	Georgia	93.20
90	Jamaica	93.00
91	Saint Lucia	92.10
92	Colombia	91.80
92	Peru	91.80
94	Bhutan	91.60
95	Gabon	91.40
96	Bolivia	90.60
96	Indonesia	90.60
98	Tonga	90.10
99	South Africa	89.80
100	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	89.50
101	Syria	88.80
102	China	88.70
103	Tajikistan	87.90
104	Thailand	86.80
105	Dominica	86.20
106	Albania	86.10
107	Mexico	85.10
108	Grenada	84.20
109	Cabo Verde	83.90
110	Malaysia	83.80
111	Serbia	83.10
112	Belize	82.90
113	North Macedonia	81.30
114	Kyrgyzstan	79.60
115	Uzbekistan	78.10
116	Tuvalu	77.00
117	India	76.70
118	Paraguay	71.30
119	Sudan	70.55
120	Botswana	66.40
121	Marshall Islands	64.80
122	Montenegro	61.40
123	Nicaragua	59.60
124	Philippines	59.50
125	Cambodia	58.00
126	Mongolia	55.80
127	Pakistan	54.90
128	Fiji	54.10
129	Lesotho	53.80
130	Myanmar	53.50
131	Eswatini	50.30
131	Honduras	50.30
133	Angola	50.20
134	Mauritania	49.40
135	Namibia	48.00
136	Yemen	47.30
137	Guatemala	46.50
138	Côte d'Ivoire	44.10
139	Nepal	42.70
140	Republic of Congo	40.10
141	Samoa	39.70
142	Bosnia and Herzegovina	39.50
143	Afghanistan	38.60
144	Sri Lanka	35.40
145	Senegal	34.80
146	Ghana	32.80
147	Kenya	31.60
148	Cameroon	30.70
148	Zimbabwe	30.70
150	Bangladesh	28.40
151	Nigeria	26.20
152	Equatorial Guinea	22.10
153	Vanuatu	20.60
154	Timor-Leste	19.10
155	Burkina Faso	17.00
156	Kiribati	16.40
157	North Korea	14.50
158	Micronesia	13.30
159	Togo	13.20
160	Eritrea	12.00
161	Laos	11.10
162	Papua New Guinea	10.50
163	Comoros	10.40
164	Djibouti	10.00
165	Tanzania	9.80
166	Chad	9.70
167	Rwanda	9.30
168	Zambia	9.20
169	Solomon Islands	8.70
170	Mozambique	7.40
171	Ethiopia	7.10
172	Benin	6.00
173	Somalia	5.40
174	Niger	5.10
175	DR Congo	5.00
176	Sao Tome and Principe	4.60
177	Haiti	4.50
178	Uganda	1.80
179	Gambia	1.60
179	Madagascar	1.60
181	Malawi	1.50
182	Mali	1.30
183	Central African Republic	1.00
183	Guinea	1.00
185	Sierra Leone	0.90
186	Guinea-Bissau	0.80
186	Liberia	0.80
188	Burundi	0.10
189	South Sudan	0.00

Analysis

This metric measures the share of a country's total population primarily using clean cooking fuels and technologies for cooking. The source note definition states: 'Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking is the proportion of total population primarily using clean cooking fuels and technologies for cooking. Under WHO guidelines, kerosene is excluded from clean cooking fuels.' Values are expressed as a percentage of total population, where higher values indicate greater access. The dataset covers 189 countries with 2023 data, representing 100% recency within a seven-year window. All 189 datapoints carry official data quality status, and no extreme outliers were identified at the three-standard-deviation threshold. The full range runs from 0% to 100%, a spread of 999% in relative terms.

A total of 61 countries share the top rank with a score of 100%, meaning the entire measured population uses clean cooking fuels. These include high-income nations across Western and Northern Europe such as Germany, France, Sweden, and Norway, as well as Gulf states including Saudi Arabia, Qatar, the UAE, Kuwait, Oman, and Bahrain. Japan, South Korea, Singapore, Australia, Canada, and the United States also sit at rank 1. Notable inclusions are Chile (rank 1), Guyana (rank 1), and Romania (rank 1), alongside smaller island states such as Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda, Palau, and Nauru. Just below the ceiling, Argentina, Egypt, and Tunisia rank 62nd at 99.9%, while Viet Nam ranks 74th at 98.7% and Morocco ranks 76th at 98.1%.

The middle of the ranking shows considerable variation. India ranks 117th at 76.7%, while China ranks 102nd at 88.7%, placing China notably higher despite its larger rural population. Indonesia ranks 96th at 90.6%. In the lower-middle tier, the Philippines ranks 124th at 59.5%, Pakistan ranks 127th at 54.9%, and Nigeria ranks 151st at 26.2%. Sub-Saharan Africa dominates the bottom quartile: Tanzania ranks 165th at 9.8%, Ethiopia 171st at 7.1%, and the Democratic Republic of Congo 175th at 5%. Several small island states appear in unexpected positions, with Kiribati at rank 156 with 16.4% and Micronesia at rank 158 with 13.3%, lower than many larger continental nations. Bosnia and Herzegovina ranks 142nd at 39.5%, placing it below several lower-income African nations such as Mauritania at rank 134 with 49.4%.

A key limitation of this metric is that it captures primary cooking fuel use only. Households that mix clean and unclean fuels may be counted as having clean access if their primary fuel is clean, potentially overstating real-world exposure to harmful cooking emissions. The exclusion of kerosene, as specified under WHO guidelines in the source note, means some populations using kerosene as a primary fuel are not counted as having clean access, which can affect rankings in regions where kerosene is common. The metric does not distinguish between urban and rural sub-populations within a country, so national averages can mask large internal disparities. Additionally, self-reported or modeled national data may vary in reliability across countries, particularly in low-income settings where survey coverage is limited.

Methodology

Data are drawn from the World Bank World Development Indicators, indicator code EG.CFT.ACCS.ZS, for the reference year 2023. The metric is defined as follows: 'Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking is the proportion of total population primarily using clean cooking fuels and technologies for cooking. Under WHO guidelines, kerosene is excluded from clean cooking fuels.' Values represent the percentage of total population with primary clean cooking fuel access. The dataset covers 189 countries, all with data from within the last seven years (100% recency). All 189 datapoints are classified as official quality, exceeding the 70% threshold. No extreme outliers were detected at the three-standard-deviation threshold. The average year-over-year change across the dataset is 2.5%, well within the 50% volatility threshold. The full value range is 0% (South Sudan) to 100% (61 countries), representing a 999% relative spread. No microstates under one million population were flagged in the dataset.

Sources

World Bank