Countries by Adjusted savings: gross savings (% of GNI)

Qatar ranks 1st with gross savings equal to 52.2% of GNI in 2021, more than 66 percentage points above Libya, which sits last at -14.2%. Ireland and Singapore follow closely at ranks 2 and 3, with 51.3% and 50.3% respectively. The 66-percentage-point spread across 169 countries reflects wide variation in how much national income different economies retain after consumption.

Economy category

Ranking 2021

Values shown in %.

Countries by Adjusted savings: gross savings (% of GNI)
Rank	Country	%
1	Qatar	52.23
2	Ireland	51.33
3	Singapore	50.30
4	Brunei	49.44
5	Zambia	46.97
6	Sint Maarten (Dutch part)	46.28
7	China	45.30
8	Vanuatu	44.08
9	Angola	43.66
10	Gabon	41.85
11	Bermuda	40.37
12	Mauritania	38.94
13	Norway	38.62
14	Algeria	37.35
15	Gambia	36.62
16	South Korea	36.19
17	Switzerland	36.01
18	Nigeria	35.23
19	Jamaica	34.93
20	Tanzania	34.66
21	Vietnam	34.42
22	Bangladesh	34.25
23	Indonesia	33.98
24	Uzbekistan	33.55
25	Azerbaijan	33.52
26	Maldives	33.15
27	Sri Lanka	33.09
28	Cabo Verde	33.01
29	Luxembourg	32.77
30	Nepal	32.50
31	Kiribati	31.70
32	Macao	31.37
33	Malta	31.22
34	Estonia	31.13
35	Tajikistan	31.01
36	Denmark	30.95
37	Myanmar	30.81
38	Iraq	30.76
39	Türkiye	30.76
40	Panama	30.72
41	India	30.69
42	North Macedonia	30.51
43	Bahrain	30.50
44	Belarus	30.37
45	Sweden	30.34
46	Russia	30.21
47	Cambodia	30.17
48	Germany	29.60
49	Israel	29.59
50	Czechia	29.49
51	Netherlands	29.29
52	Dominican Republic	29.25
53	Morocco	29.22
54	Kazakhstan	29.12
55	Samoa	28.83
56	Thailand	28.79
57	Kuwait	28.45
58	Austria	28.14
59	Hungary	27.37
60	Belize	27.12
61	Japan	27.08
62	Hong Kong	26.99
63	Malaysia	26.79
64	Kosovo	26.71
65	Slovenia	26.25
66	Belgium	26.19
67	Australia	26.06
68	Ecuador	25.81
69	DR Congo	25.53
70	Ethiopia	25.23
71	Finland	24.82
72	Croatia	24.62
73	Mexico	24.18
74	Saudi Arabia	24.09
75	Paraguay	23.96
76	Mongolia	23.76
77	Senegal	23.68
78	France	23.67
79	Botswana	23.11
80	Canada	23.09
81	Italy	22.70
82	Togo	22.31
83	Ghana	22.30
84	Peru	22.22
85	Serbia	22.08
86	Argentina	22.00
87	Latvia	21.98
88	Kyrgyzstan	21.92
89	Bulgaria	21.88
90	Côte d'Ivoire	21.81
91	Spain	21.68
92	Nicaragua	21.65
93	Lithuania	21.63
94	Benin	21.54
95	Bosnia and Herzegovina	20.93
96	Honduras	20.85
97	Poland	20.44
98	Eswatini	19.97
99	Chile	19.88
100	Lesotho	19.70
101	Guatemala	19.61
102	Albania	19.56
103	Philippines	19.52
104	Portugal	19.39
105	Romania	19.33
106	Slovakia	19.28
107	Republic of Congo	19.15
108	Oman	18.83
109	New Zealand	18.80
110	Laos	18.43
111	Solomon Islands	18.21
112	El Salvador	18.15
113	Brazil	17.93
114	Uruguay	17.87
115	United States	17.87
116	Burkina Faso	17.80
117	Montenegro	17.10
118	Armenia	16.97
119	Zimbabwe	16.83
120	Costa Rica	16.78
121	Kenya	16.66
122	South Africa	16.50
123	Fiji	16.41
124	Moldova	16.41
125	United Kingdom	16.02
126	Iceland	15.97
127	Palestine	15.94
128	Mali	15.83
129	Rwanda	15.67
130	Aruba	15.42
131	Mozambique	15.21
132	Haiti	14.89
133	Antigua and Barbuda	14.55
134	Marshall Islands	14.42
135	Cameroon	14.41
136	Bhutan	14.31
137	Bolivia	14.23
138	Pakistan	14.10
139	Comoros	13.92
140	Colombia	13.77
141	Niger	13.65
142	Guinea-Bissau	13.34
143	Curaçao	13.34
144	Ukraine	12.80
145	Djibouti	12.76
146	Cyprus	12.41
147	Greece	10.71
148	Uganda	10.15
149	Georgia	9.19
150	Venezuela	9.04
151	Madagascar	8.91
152	Mauritius	8.36
153	Jordan	8.33
154	Tunisia	8.22
155	Bahamas	7.94
156	Egypt	7.94
157	Seychelles	7.41
158	Namibia	7.28
159	South Sudan	7.04
160	Sudan	6.99
161	Barbados	5.61
162	Burundi	5.53
163	Tonga	4.32
164	Guinea	2.16
165	Sierra Leone	0.32
166	Lebanon	-2.94
167	Timor-Leste	-10.79
168	Dominica	-11.25
169	Libya	-14.16

Analysis

This metric measures gross savings as a share of Gross National Income. According to the World Bank World Development Indicators (indicator code NY.ADJ.ICTR.GN.ZS), gross savings are the difference between gross national income and public and private consumption, plus net current transfers. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross National Income (GNI) which is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earn. The unit is percentage of GNI, and higher values indicate greater savings relative to national income. The dataset covers 169 countries for the reference year 2021, with 93.5% of entries drawn from data collected within the last seven years. All 100% of datapoints are classified as official-quality sources. The World Bank identified 25 extreme outliers using a 3-standard-deviation threshold, and the full value range spans -14.2% to 52.2%, a spread of 468.8%.

The top of the ranking is concentrated among energy exporters, financial hubs, and fast-growing Asian economies. Qatar leads at rank 1 with 52.2%, followed by Ireland at rank 2 with 51.3% and Singapore at rank 3 with 50.3%. Brunei Darussalam ranks 4th at 49.4% and Zambia ranks 5th at 46.9%. China ranks 7th at 45.3%, while Norway ranks 13th at 38.6% and Korea ranks 16th at 36.2%. Switzerland ranks 17th at 36.0%. These countries collectively register gross savings rates well above the global median, which falls near the mid-20s based on this dataset's distribution.

The middle of the ranking includes many large advanced economies. Germany ranks 48th at 29.6%, France ranks 78th at 23.7%, and the United States ranks 115th at 17.9%. The United Kingdom ranks 125th at 16.0%. One counterintuitive placement is Jamaica at rank 19 with 34.9%, placing it above Germany, France, Japan (rank 61 at 27.1%), and the United States. At the lower end, Lebanon ranks 166th at -2.9%, Timor-Leste ranks 167th at -10.8%, Dominica ranks 168th at -11.2%, and Libya ranks last at -14.2%, all recording negative gross savings rates, meaning consumption and transfers exceeded national income.

Several data limitations apply to this metric. Negative savings values for countries such as Libya, Dominica, and Timor-Leste may reflect structural dependence on external transfers, aid flows, or unusual national accounting circumstances rather than straightforward consumption behavior. The 25 extreme outliers flagged at the 3-standard-deviation threshold suggest that some values may reflect short-term shocks or irregular reporting periods rather than typical savings behavior. Consistency across countries is partial: only 134 of 169 countries (79.3%) have data specifically from the reference year 2021, with the remainder drawing on earlier observations. The metric does not separately distinguish household savings from government savings, nor does it adjust for capital depreciation, which limits direct comparability across economies with different capital stock profiles.

Methodology

Data source: World Bank World Development Indicators, indicator code NY.ADJ.ICTR.GN.ZS, reference year 2021. The definition used is as follows: gross savings are the difference between gross national income and public and private consumption, plus net current transfers. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross National Income (GNI) which is the total income earned by all residents within an economic territory during an accounting period. It is equal to gross domestic product plus earned income receivable from abroad minus earn. The ranking covers 169 countries, all with official-quality data (100%). Of these, 158 of 169 (93.5%) have data from within the last seven years, and 134 of 169 (79.3%) have data specifically from 2021. The World Bank flagged 25 extreme outliers using a 3-standard-deviation threshold. The value range extends from -14.2% (Libya, rank 169) to 52.2% (Qatar, rank 1), a spread of 468.8%. Average year-over-year change across the dataset is 24.8%, below the 50% volatility threshold. No microstates under 1 million population are included in this dataset. The unit is percentage of GNI, and higher values indicate higher gross savings relative to national income.

Sources

World Bank